Ideación suicida en pacientes con esquizofrenia: variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicopatológicas asociadas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5538/2385-703X.2026.32.5Palabras clave:
depresión, esquizofrenia, ideación suicida, suicidio, intento de suicidioResumen
Introducción: el suicidio es una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con esquizofrenia, y la ideación suicida constituye un factor predictivo significativo de la conducta suicida. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre las varia-bles sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicopatológicas asociadas a este fenómeno siguen siendo heterogéneas.
Objetivos: describir la prevalencia de ideación suicida en una muestra de pacientes ambulatorios con esquizofrenia e identificar las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicopatológicas asociadas.
Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis secundario de un estudio observacional transversal en 254 pacientes ambulatorios con esquizofrenia. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, y se evaluó la psicopatología mediante la Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) y la Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). La ideación suicida actual se definió mediante el ítem 8 de la CDSS. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y compara-ciones bivariantes entre pacientes con y sin ideación suicida actual.
Resultados: el 14,17 % de los pacientes presentó ideación suicida actual, y la presencia de ideación se asoció a estar en situación de desempleo (χ² = 8,139; nivel de significación estadística [p] = 0,017), antecedentes de intentos sui-cidas previos (t = −2,119; p = 0,041) y mayor gravedad de los síntomas positivos (t = −2,929; p = 0,004), negativos (t = −2,265; p = 0,024) y depresivos (t = −7,386; p <0,001).
Discusión: este estudio identificó variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicopatológicas específicas asociadas a la ideación suicida en la esquizofrenia. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a los profesionales de la salud mental a desarro-llar programas de detección y prevención más específicos y dirigidos.
Conclusiones: en esta muestra de pacientes ambulatorios estables con esquizofrenia, la ideación suicida actual se asoció a desempleo, intentos suicidas previos y mayor gravedad psicopatológica. Estos hallazgos apoyan la necesidad de incorporar la valoración sistemática de síntomas afectivos, antecedentes suicidas y situación sociolaboral en el seguimiento enfermero en salud mental.
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